What Does It Mean For The Social Work Field - 1422 Words

What does it mean to be in the social work field? This is an important question to ask someone who is deciding to join the social work profession. Personally, I believe that my career goals align with the mission of the social work profession, along with the Graduate College of Social Work (GCSW) school mission. An individual who commits themselves to the social work profession joins this field in order to improve and enlighten individuals (NASW, 2017). A professional in social work desires to support others through their work. Social workers may help individuals by supplying the skills and resources for their clients to survive on a daily basis (NASW, 2017). As a social worker, I would take the difficulties my clients would have, and†¦show more content†¦Recently in June 2016, I volunteered at the Methodist Children’s Home of Costa Rica. I spent 10 days socializing with young children and adolescents. Playing games with the children, and singing songs in their nativ e language was just some of the activities I participated in. My time in Costa Rica was also spent at two other sites where we interacted with different children. While in Costa Rica I also helped construct a 10-foot-tall concrete wall and multi-recreational facility at the Methodist Children’s Home of Costa Rica. Wow! What a task that was. Physically building and working to construct protection for the children was a huge demanding task. Looking back now it was worth the effort I put into the project. Just like building the wall, graduate school will be a huge task for me to complete. However, I know that I can finish graduate school and will drive myself to do the best that I can in my studies. It was an honor to provide my assistance in a new country and gain valuable information about a new culture. It was interesting to see how these children whom had been neglected most of their life could open up their hearts for a few short days to total strangers. Being able to help others with the skills I have learned just from undergraduate school at University of Houston was a great advantage to me while volunteering in Costa Rica. I would appreciate the opportunity to continue helping individuals, families, and communities on a greaterShow MoreRelatedThe Concept Of Social Work1347 Words   |  6 PagesConcept of Social Work Nakia L. Bell University of South Alabama Abstract This paper is a brief summary of the concept of social work. I will attempt to answer the following questions: 1) What is social work? 2) Why is social work a profession? 3) How does one become a social worker and what does it mean to be a social worker? 4) What are the basic social work values and why are these important? 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Bourdieu defines it as â€Å"a field of forces within which the agents occupy positions that statistically determine the positions they take with respect to the field, these positions-taking being aimed either at conserving or transforming the structure of relations of forces that is constitutive of the field†¦ it is the site of actions and reactions performed by social agents endowed with permanent dispositions, partlyRead MoreGentrification of Class Warfare in East Harlem Essay806 Words   |  4 Pagescapitalism, it does not separate people, it does not go against race, poor and the working class, it wages war on the poor and the working-class. Gentrification of Class Warfare in East Harlem SOCIAL CULTURE What is social class and class warfare ? Class is a in terms of income, wealth, education, status/position, and/or power. Class affects people emotionally and economically. 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Richard Cohen of the Washington

Appearance Versus Reality in Anne Elliots Persuasion Essay

Appearance Versus Reality in Anne Elliots Persuasion In Persuasion, we meet Anne Elliot, a bright, attractive, upper-class woman who fell in love with a sailor, Captain Frederick Wentworth. However, Anne was successfully persuaded to reject Wentworth by her aristocratic family and friends, who failed to recognize Wentworths fine character and saw only his shallowness. Both Annes sisters are extremely different to Anne. Mary is an over reactive hypochondriac. Elizabeth very much follows in her fathers footsteps. She enjoys going off gallivanting at upper-class social gatherings and usually accompanies her father on these. The central conflict in Persuasion is that of appearance versus†¦show more content†¦While in Bath, Sir Walter obsessed about the dearth of attractive women: He had frequently observed, as he walked, that one handsome face would be followed by thirty, or five and thirty frights; and once, as he had stood in a shop in Bond-street, he had counted eighty-seven women go by, one after another, without there being a tolerable face among them. Tolerable Face is an example of figurative language. Such a fascination with outward appearance severely limits Sir Walters prospects of finding another wife or intelligent friends and keeps him ignorant and self-centred. Austen clearly uses the theme of appearance versus reality to characterize Anne and Sir Walter. She evidently believes that how a character sees others is a direct reflection of that characters personality. Thus, we know that Anne Elliot possesses true depth of character and sincerity because her superficial family fails to recognize her fine qualities: Anne, with an elegance of mind and sweetness of character, which must have placed her high with any people of real understanding, was nobody with either father or sister: her word had no weight; her convenience was always to give way. Anne is clearly the only Elliot who can see reality: she understands her familys need to economize and recognizes Marys frequent sickness as a call for attention. This is moral significance; she

Modern Family and the Conflict Theory free essay sample

Discuss the extent to which the role of the family in modern society can be explained by the conflict approach. The conflict theory is a Marxist perspective; they believe that the different classes within society create a divide with the powerful, wealthy ruling class exploiting the poor, working class. They argue that the modern family is the main reason for this and so it is a bad thing for society. Karl Marx identified three ways in which the family unit benefits the capitalist society. One of these is that it performs important ideological functions for capitalist ociety and this is the socialisation of children. This is seen as benefiting capitalism because children are taught from a young age to obey their parents which is preparing them for later life, obeying their bosses. They are also socialised to accept the fact that inequality is inevitable and they stay in the class which they are prescribed at birth. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Family and the Conflict Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, Functionalists contradict this idea as they believe that the nuclear family is socially mobile and they dont have to stay within the class they are prescribed at birth. Another way in which Marxists see the family as benefiting the capitalist society is hat it is a unit of consumption as families are an important source of profit for big businesses. The goods and services which are produced by the working class are sold for higher profits than they are paid for producing them. Also the children contribute to this through pester power. Inheritance of property benefits capitalism through the family unit because land and businesses are passed down through the family, maintaining the divide between the bourgeoisies and the proletariats. This was brought about along with monogamy because of the development in increased wealth in society so the men had to be sure hat the children were theirs so they could pass their wealth down to appropriate heirs. Marxists also think that the nuclear family only fits into society because it is forced to in order to meet the economic needs, contrary to what Functionalists argue, that family fits harmoniously together for society. Zaretsk says that capitalism depends on housewives doing unpaid housework and raising babies to become the future work force and Marxist feminists would agree with this view as they believe that women are a reserve army of labour as they are taken on in times of need but then sacked when they are no longer needed and this s negative for society because it promotes inequality but capitalism enthuses it. However a great criticism of the Marxist perspective is that the majority of the research carried out by Karl Marx is out dated and lacks temporal validity as it was done over 100 years ago and it is argued that we live in a different society today so it is questionable whether his theory still fits modern society. Feminists argue that modern society is extremely hierarchical and that women are oppressed by men. Radical feminists feel that the family is an institute in which omen are dominated and exploited by men and that it is difficult for them to escape their husbands dominance because of economic restraints. However this is no longer applicable due to the welfare state which provides financial support. Ditterent teminists disagree with this and argue at tn ditterent women nave ditterent experiences with the family and that you cannot generalise all womens experiences. In conclusion the Marxist and Feminists believe that the family unit is harmful to society because it is full of inequality and exploitation and that society isnt based around the family but instead the family is built around society.

Evaluating the Advantages and Disadvantages free essay sample

According to my definition, it’s the act of total domination of a particular region and people, an unwanted guest. According to history, colonialism all begging at the early 18th century after the economy downside in Europe especially England, thus start the quest for making ends meet. They invade Africa like a swap of bees, unlawfully to explore the land through River Niger and River Benue. Their primary motives is to introduce new religion (Christianity), search for natural resources (Gold, Minerals, cocoa, human labor est. and to claim the grandeur by colonizing the territories. They were always hoping to transform our identity to a new one (positive and negative). This adventure leads the colonial rule to Africa to explore their raw materials and natural resources. Many a times, millions of people would question the motive of colonial rule as it finds its way to Africa. Could it be that its a new begging for Africans countries? Or it was only established to derail the grow th and development of Africa continent? Colonialism is beyond liberating Africa indigenes (civilization); most time, it comes along with slavery, lost identity ( Song of Lawino), deconstruction of the African people home, oppression (Gods Bit of Wood), loss of voice (Brother Im dying), alienation in one own land or territory, and moral degradation. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluating the Advantages and Disadvantages or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Colonialism, a terrorist act: an act of dehumanizing follow being. However, colonial rule may change the culture, traditions, and values of African indigenes in a positive and negative way. The indigenous African people and its diaspora social life and economic value had been reshaped, transformed both negatively and positively by the effect or impact of colonial rule. As such, it creates a new dimension which defines their livelihood, government, moral value, religion and social health. Colonialism has its advantages and disadvantages effects. A combine effort and amalgamation of information from my log audit 1 and log audit 2 are fully incorporated in this final paper. Thus, this paper would evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of colonial rule in the life of Africans and its diaspora. I will analysis whether colonialism has created a constructive effect on the colonized. Colonialism processes some element of power superiority and most importantly, an avenue for social, political and economic undertone. There is of no doubt that the colonial masters have exploited the African indigenes of their right by damaging their culture and deconstructing their identity. Now, it’s crystal clear that colonialism is far beyond racism, segregation, lost identity. It involves pilfering, and drastically changes in living condition as lands and other survival resources were taken away by colonizers. Reflecting on Song of Lawino and Gods Bit of Wood, both books centered message is parallel but takes different dimension as to colonial economic exploitation. Okot b pitek book is a poetic song and dialogue between two lovers. Unlike Ousmane book, he writes an analytical narrative true life story. Okot, sees colonial invasion as a matter of racism, superiority and alienating self consciousness. Lawino lament is necessitated by the economic effect of Ocol imported idea which sabotages their relationship and the community in general. Okot b pitek themes often speaking of foreign processed foods in place of local organic foods (chapter 6 and chapter 10). The effect being that, it lowers the consumption of locally made food and promotes the importation of foreign food which negates economic growth and development. In contemporary era, western dance (colonial dance) is widely spread across Africa continent. Musicians are formally invited to perform on stage and shows; they demand huge ransom for this anti-African entertainment. Again, this activity demotes the economic growth of African and promotes the economic growth of western world (post-colonial master). It is a diseconomy of scale to the African people; they gave out more than they receive. Unlike Okot, Ousmane describe colonial rule as an economy venture. The analogy of human VS machine is one eminent factor that ignites the revolution movement in God Bit of Wood (Railway workers and their colonial masters). Treating human being like an object is a crime before man and the heavily God. The colonial master are regarded as â€Å"human† and Africans being the â€Å"machine† Not until I read Ousmane God’s Bits of Wood, that I came full circle that the motive of the white colonizer in Africa, it’s a quest for economic power and greener pasturethe advent of Rail way system to transport good to the closest sea for export. Workers are been under paid, water supply been cut off as strike begins. We see all this diseconomy activities going on in God’s Bits of Wood, as Bakayoko Ibraima, Tiemoko, Konate alongside substantial women like Assitan, Niakoro including children all fight for economic freedom. Colonialism is an act of evil that is perpetrated under the umbrella of religion. Reading through the lines in God’s Bit of Wood, I hear the voice of hungry men, women and children as they fight fervently for their social status. Colonial rule claim missionary mission yet practiced satanic act of enslavers. That been said, the colonial master stool our pride, culture, identity, language and export our people abroad like a finished product being shipped out for consumption. I agree with both authors as they lay emphasis on the negative effect of colonialism. On contrary, colonial rule pursue a sense of unionism and power of collectivism in colonizes. . On balance, colonialism can be good in a way. I can argue that colonialism was the machinery for modernization in the colonies. Looking beyond the negative effect, Africa probably benefited from colonialism on the other side. I see colonialism as a most likely one of the most effectual engines for cultural diffusion in the universe history. These views however, can be controversial and subjective in nature depending on which angle you are looking at it. The notion of colonialism might have had limited effects or influence, provided it doesn’t rely too much on force. A vivid example is Nigeria, a country divided in culture and language. Before it was name Nigeria (people living around the Niger River) we have different ethnic groups with divided orientation. The coming of colonial master in the Niger area amalgamates the settles to become one big entity called Nigeria today. On the economy advantage, there is a tendency for rapid growth in an economy with lager population as human wants are insatiable. We see this phenomenon in Sugar Cane Alley, where Ma-tina, Medouze, Carmen all supports Jose in one way or the other. Ma-tina provides parental, moral and financial support for Jose, just to see him climbing the leader out of sugar plantation. Old Medouze encourage and instill wisdom and knowledge in Jose as he uses it to write an excellent essay in class which he was accused of plagiarism. Carmen is of collective support as he often help Ma-tine and Jose when he get admission to high school.

The American Reaction To The Halocaust Essays - Human Rights Abuses

The American Reaction To The Halocaust In the years of the Second World War, American leaders were aware of the plan of the Germans to exterminate all the Jews in Europe, yet they did not act to save them. The attitude in society and the state of the economy in the years leading up to the war made for conditions that did not make saving them likely. Most Germans despised the Weimar Republic, which held control of Germany at the time they signed the Versailles Treaty. This treaty crippled Germany after they lost The First Great War. The proud Germans saw this republic as weak. Adolph Hitler, an Austrian born man of German lineage, claimed that the only true Germans were Aryans and that the Jewish influence in the Weimar Republic was the reason for their weakness. He published a famous propaganda novel entitled Mein Kampf, which helped to catapult him and his political party, the National Socialist German Workers Party, into power. (Barber) Hitlers political position was simple: Germans were always right and the Jews were to blame for everything. After the outbreak of war by all the major powers of the world, Germany immediately turned a major part of their concern towards the extermination of the entire Jewish race. It began with the Einsatzgrupen, a special mobile unit of who moved behind frontline troops in the attacks on Russia and Poland, whose sole purpose was to round up the local Jewish families and kill them. They dug massive graves intended for entire Jewish communities. Their victims were lined up, stripped naked and shot. One reporter observed that not every shot was fatal and the poor civilians were made to suffer in the pits till they were sufficiently buried alive by their own brethren. The first sweep of this unit between January and December of 1941 yielded about 500,000 Jewish deaths. The second rampage, which ranged from the fall of 1941 through 1942, took 900,000 Jewish lives. (Wyman) Even with such massive extermination the German leaders were unsatisfied and demanded a more efficient and permanent answer to the problem. The directive to exterminate all the Jews in Europe was issued on July 31, 1941. In December of that year, a law banning Jews from leaving any German territories was put into effect. Then finally, on January 20, 1942, Reinhard Heydrich came up with what was termed the final solution to the of the Jewish question. He proposed a plan to erect six camps built for killing large numbers of people. The Germans built six such camps in the two years to follow, Belzec, Majdanek, Treblinka, Sobibor, Auschwitz, and Chelmno. Chelmno was the first of the camps to be built. It used large trucks into which they crammed as many Jews as possible who choked on the trucks own exhaust fumes. Most of the other camps had permanent gas chambers, which killed by the fumes of a stationary engine. Although Auschwitz used Zyklon B, a type of hydrogen cyanide. These venues of death were host to over 3 million Jews who lost their lives. (Wyman) The conditions in the camps were so terrible that they drove the poor Jews who lived through it into madness. One such survivor published his experiences in a book entitled Night. Elie Weisel, the books author, reports of conditions so horrible that he lost his faith and his sense of humanity. Weisel and his whole family are shipped to Auschwitz in railcars previously used to transport cattle. They were packed in so tight that many died on the journey. The weak were separated and killed immediately upon entering the camps. This often meant most women and all children. Weisel witnessed a pile where they were burning babies. The strong men who survived were put to work, Elie in an electrical-fitting factory. They were under the constant threat of selections in which the weak and sick were weeded out and put into the gas chambers. The prisoners got their only solace from their faith, Zionism, and the comfort of their fellow prisoners. However, long exposure to camp life often left some concerned only for their personal survival and became cruel and inhuman to the other Jews in the camp. (Weisel) How could the

Why the Crusades occurred Essays - 2nd Millennium, Christianization

Why the Crusades occurred Essays - 2nd Millennium, Christianization Why the Crusades occurred By Adam Quinlan center351218500 center698500 Task 1: Primary sources- Pope Urban ll's speech (paper document): On November 27, 1095 in front of the Council of Clermont in Clermont, France Pope Urban ll pronounced a speech that saved the Christian religion "if you wish to be the friends of God, gladly do the things which you know will please him. You must especially let all matters that pertain to the church be controlled by the law of the church" and which almost destroyed the Muslim religion. The purpose of his speech was to announce he was calling a Crusade against the Muslims who were invading Jerusalem (the holy land). In his speech Pope Urban ll told his people that no matter what, if they went to fight the Muslims they would receive a great reward being either going to heaven after death or being drowned in riches if they lived. His proposal of rewards convinced many to join the Crusade and help fight with the Byzantine Empire. Although the purpose of the Crusade was to save Jerusalem, it is believed most people only joined the Crusade because of Pope Urban ll's rewarding offer. Without the Pope's speech would there have been less soldiers fighting against the Muslims and would that have then lead to the Christian Religion's corruption? Pope Urban ll's speech helps us understand the reasoning of the Crusade from the Council's point of view (to save Jerusalem) and from the Soldiers point of view. (Great rewards) An anonymous chronicler's record of the capturing of Jerusalem (letter): In this letter written by an un-known chronicler to his wife, the capturing of Jerusalem by the Crusaders sounds both triumphant and horrific "rejoicing and weeping from extreme joy, our men went to worship our saviour Jesus The Saracens who were still alive dragged the dead ones out in front of the gates, and made huge piles of them, as big as houses and the piles of Muslim bodies were even higher" The letter says that after they captured Jerusalem the crusaders killed many Saracens for fun' and piled their bodies in mountains higher than houses, after this the letter then says that the crusaders stole everything from the village such as silver, gold, horses and mules. This tells historians that the battle in Jerusalem was horrific with thousands of people dying and many badly injured, this also shows us that the crusaders had no respect for the Muslims as they killed them all off for fun' and piled up their bo dies. The letter also lets us know that the reason most of the crusaders joined the battle was partly so they could get rich from the things they found in Jerusalem. This letter is extremely helpful because it gives us a strong idea on what the battle was really like on the inside and it also tells us that maybe the crusaders weren't the good guys in the end, slaying innocent people and showing no respect to their own holy land at times. . These sources both show that the crusaders weren't just fighting to save Jerusalem but they were also going to become rich with gold and silver and many other riches they found during the battles. Essay: Task 2: Why did the Crusades occur? The crusades were cultural wars all conducted by either kings or persons of high rank in the Christian religion, in all there were 9 crusades although only seven of those were thought to be major and relevant. Reasoning for the crusades include things such as A holy place being taken over by foreign rulers following different religions (the first, second, third and also partly the reasoning for the fourth, fifth and sixth crusades) or any region of Christian dominance being threatened. Not all of the Crusades were a success, we know this thanks to letters from crusaders to their loved ones stressing about how they were being overpowered by enemy forces (fifth through to the last crusade). The first, second and third crusade were all successful in re-claiming the holy land (Jerusalem) according to letters written by crusaders from the first crusade their victory over the Turks came quite easily, in fact one chronicler from the first

Creating a Learning Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Creating a Learning Organization - Essay Example The learning organizations have flatter organizational structures, cross-functional teams, supportive organizational culture and commitment to excellence (Belasen, 2000). Proper leadership will facilitate a learning culture that enables the employees to remain creative and innovative thus facilitating the implementation of new ideas and suggestions in the organization (Belasen, 2000). Leadership is essential in encouraging creative learning through intellectual stimulation and encouraging innovativeness of their followers. Leadership enables the employees to continuously expand their knowledge and skills in creating desirable results for the organization. Employees are capable of attaining personal mastery of their skills and assist their workmates in meeting their job performance expectations (Mello, 2014). Leaders act as motivators by communicating optimism and addressing the concerns of employees in creating a learning organization. The leader is capable of communicating the shared vision powerfully and managing any obstacles that may hinder the attainment of the vision (Achua & Lussier, 2010). Leadership plays a role on implementing mechanisms of nurturing creative ideas for innovation through providing an environment whereby employees can learn from their past mistake and implement new perspectives in solving problems. Leadership builds the confidence and capacity of the employees to adapt to changes in the organization. Leaders are expected to provide their followers with opportunities to solve problems within their business units in order to build their confidence and develop pride for their success (Lussier, 2012). The familiarity with the change and learning process enables the organization to respond to threats and opportunities and appreciate the importance of flexibility and adaptation in the organization. The leaders encourage experimentation whereby all subordinates are expected to contribute ideas. The leadership

Qualitative Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Qualitative Analysis - Assignment Example Considering the at the beginning of the first transcript on the basis of single handed lady FLICKA(Trish), staged in home port Columbia, the transcript is a conversation between Carolin who is an interviewee and Trish who is an interviewer. According to this first script, an issue of age is raised and this shows that an interviewee who is Carolin is more concerned with getting a clue of Trish’s personal details and the way of life she is living. As questions are articulated we administer an essence of misappropriate between the two people since the question raised by Carolin about the age has been channelized into Trisha’s life history. Meanwhile, Trish is so open to analyze all that she administered in Guinea specifically in the year 1979 showing that the interviewee is concerned to know what she encountered while delivering her best on the basis of sailing women school (Trish, 2005). The interviewee uses a motivational theme especially when she asked Carolin if she encountered and acquired skills that has helped her to develop personal traits on her daily time boating to cruising. However, the interviewee uses her ability to express her concern about Trish. She went forward by telling Trisha that she is not supposed to worry what somebody did and that the best thing is to be there, to justify that you are a good sailor. From this script, it becomes vice versa as Carolin becomes an interviewee as well as Trish becoming an interviewer. The aspect of concerned is raised here with an essence of getting out more on what Trish have on about the marine environment. In her response she articulates that she is a conservationist as she is engaged in doing things naturally. There is a connection between sailing boat as ascertained by Carolin from the first script and what Trish is engaging in as she term herself as a conservationist. Getting problems that cruising communities goes through was also

Factors Influencing Process Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Factors Influencing Process Design - Essay Example The choice of materials is one factor that affects the process design of products. In the process of choosing the right material for products, there are a number of factors that are considered in relation to material choice (Cresswell, 2002). Quantity of products to be manufactured, market costs and product use are the factors associated with material choice. The material to be used should consider what environment and the product will be used. For example, when manufacturing cups for taking tea, the material used should be able to withstand hot or cold temperatures and washing. The quantity of products to be manufacturedrelates to the amount required to be sold to the target market. For example, a large amount of cups can be manufactured if many orders are required by the client. Moreover, marketing cost refers to the final product costs. The end costs of products should not exceed the cost that product will be sold in the market so long as it can perform the function it was manufac tured for and reflects the quality (Kalakul et al, 2014).Product purpose fitness and durabilityare other factors that influence product design. This means that the product should do the function it was designed for. For example, a cup is manufactured for the purposes of taking liquids such as tea. Other factors such as weight and size should be considered when designing products.The weight and size should be reasonable in order to perform its intended purpose. Therefore, when considering product fitness, designers should establish all the important elements of the product

The Strategy of Setting Price for Products and Services

The Strategy of Setting Price for Products and Services Introduction Pricing is a basic and interesting topic in the business. This paper will be described the strategy of setting prices for products and services; especially it will focus on one specific strategy called price discrimination, which is to charge different prices to different customers for the same or similar product and service. Price discrimination is one of the most effective strategy to maximize a company’s profits when compared with a single pricing. However, it represents a transfer of value from consumers to companies and people may argue it benefits less to customers than to companies. In the following, three types of price discrimination will be described, and real examples will be used to illustrate them. The advantages and disadvantages of price discrimination as well as its benefit to consumers and society will be discussed. The first type of price discrimination The first type of price discrimination is based on two concepts: reservation price and consumer surplus. For a product and service, the reservation price is defined as the maximum price that a customer is willing to pay (Pindyck Rubinfeld, 2001, p.371), and the consumer surplus is difference between the reservation price and the price the consumer actually pays (Hubbard OBrien, 2012, p.98). The goal of the first type of price discrimination is to capture the consumer surplus and turn it into its profit for a company. For example, a tea shop sells a good brand of tea. For a cup of the tea, the competitive price (offered by many competitive suppliers) and the monopoly price (offered by few dominant suppliers) are $3.50 and $4 respectively. It is supposed that there are three customers to buy the tea, and the reservation price of these three customers are $6, $5 and $3.5 respectively. Based on the competitive market price ($3.5), their consumer surplus would be $2.5, $1.5 and $0 respectively. By using the first type of discrimination, the tea shop can ask different prices to these three customers which is $6, $5 and $3.5. By doing so the shop will sell three cups of the tea, and all consumer surplus ($4) would be captured. However, if the shop sets a single price $4, then it can only sell two cups of tea, and the third customer would be eliminated from service. Therefore, not only the profit is reduced but also the number of customers served is reduced as well. Although it sounds great that a company can increase their profits and the quantity of products sold as well as the number of customers serviced, in practice it is hard to conduct. There are two reasons: first, it is difficult to know each customer’s reservation price; second, in order to know customer’s reservation price, companies need a lot of efforts in marketing research and investigation, which adds extra cost to the product and then reduces the product’s profit. Therefore, it is more suitable for some professional people such as dentists, lawyers and accountants, as they know their customers relatively well. For example, a lawyer may offer a reduced service fee to low-income client, but may charge a higher service fee to upper-income clients as they have the ability to pay. The possible problem is some customers who pay higher price may object price discrimination and argue that it represents a transfer of consumer surplus from customers to companies, whic h benefits less to customers than to companies such resulting an unfairness to rich people. The second type of price discrimination A company can discriminate prices according to the quantity purchased. The practice of setting different prices per unit for different quantities is called the second type of price discrimination or â€Å"block† pricing (Pindyck Rubinfeld, 2001, p.374). There are many companies who use this type of price discrimination such as grocery stores, suppliers of electricity, water and natural gas. For example, for electric power, consumers are charged different price per kilowatt depending on the quantity consumed. It’s usual, as an instance, the first 100 kilowatts of electricity consumed are charged at a higher rate, and after the first 100 kilowatts, consumers are charged at a lower rate per kilowatt. This price strategy allows a company to convert part of consumer surplus into producer’s profit, and at mean time it increases the product’s quantities sold and the number of consumers served. Even though it has greater benefit to the company, it cannot be widely used in some business regions or areas. For examples, in China, it has huge population but limited water and power resources, so single pricing for power and water would be more suitable than price discrimination. The price discrimination may encourage people to use more power and water; such may result in resources shortage and air pollution, and eventually may damage the environment. Therefore, price discrimination should be applied under conditions, and only if it is used correctly, then it would create positive impact on the environment and society. The third type of price discrimination Third-degree price discrimination is based on two steps: dividing consumers into two or more groups and charging different prices to each group (Pindyck Rubinfeld, 2001, p.376). One group may have the ability to pay a higher price such as upper-income customers; another group may only be able to pay a lower price such as students and seniors. Companies also would charge customers a higher price if the customers’ demand for it is inelastic such as a service is urgent and it must be done immediately, and charge other customers a lower price if their demand for the service is elastic. This strategy may cause price competition among suppliers to offer discount to different groups, such competition may result in lower price for products. If it is used by few suppliers in some period of time, then it may encourage consumers to buy more products. However, if it is used from wide range of suppliers over long period of time, then it may make the product permanently reduce price, and s ome companies may have difficulty to get profits. To practice this type of price discrimination companies often set prices based on the consumers’ occupation, age, income, preference, time of use. Some of them will be discussed in the following: (a) Based on occupation and income: Hubbard and OBrien (2012) noted, â€Å"In mid-2009, Apple was selling an iMac desktop with a 24-inch display †¦for $1,499† to general public, â€Å"but university students and faculty members could buy the same computer from Apple for $1,399† (p.498). In this example, apple assumed the manufacturing cost of a computer is $400, so selling one iMac to university user would get profit $999, and selling one iMac to general user would get profit $1,099. In that period Apple sold 20,000 iMac to university users and 30,500 computers to general public users. The total profit from these sales is $53,499,500 ($999*20,000 + $1,099*30,500). However, if Apple used a single pricing, and if it also charged $1,399 in the general public market, it would sell 32,500 iMac (Hubbard OBrien, 2012, p.499), and then the profit from these sales would become $52,447,500 ($999*20,000 + $999*32,500). The difference of the profit made between using price di scrimination and setting single pricing is $1,052,000 ($53,499,500 $52,447,500). This example shows this strategy increased Apple’s profit. However, from another point of view that the total iMac sold was reduced from 52,500 (single price) to 50,500 (price discrimination), price discrimination reduced the number of products made/sold, and in turn it may influence the number of people employed and also may generate negative effect on the society. (b) Based on preference and time: one example is that early adopters of new products would pay a higher price, such as new type cell phones, new books, new released music DVDs. Airlines usually charge ticket differently according to time. During the holiday such as Christmas and New Year, the tickets price is normally higher than other times. Customers sometimes are argue that the airline gets extra profit by exaction of customer’s surplus and leaves very little to customers. Conclusions This paper provides analysis on three types of price discrimination. Price discrimination is one of the most effective strategy to maximize a company’s profit when it is compared with a single pricing for the products and services. All three types of price discrimination raise a company’s profit, and they all have both positive and negative effect on the society. I personally think that price discrimination is a reality and it is acceptable to many customers in most situations. It exists in our daily life, and it is used widely in various industries. References Aguirre, I., Cowan, S., Vickers, J. (2010, September). Monopoly price discrimination and demand curvature. The American Economic Review, 100(4), 1601-1615. doi: 10.1257/aer.100.4.1601 Armstrong, M. (2006, October). Price discrimination. Retrieved from http://else.econ.ucl.ac.uk/papers/uploaded/222.pdf Hubbard, R. G., OBrien, A. P. (2012). Microeconomics (4th edition). Prentice Hall. Pettinger, T. (2013, March 6). Examples of price discrimination. Retrieved from http://www.economicshelp.org/blog/7042/economics/examples-of-price-discrimination/ Pindyck, R. S., Rubinfeld, D. L. (2001). Microeconomics (5th edition). Prentice Hall. Round, D. K., McIver, R. P. (2006, Spring). Teaching third-degree price discrimination. The Journal of Economic Education, 37(2), 236-243. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/30042708 Shmanske, S. (1991). Price discrimination and monopolistic competition. Studies in Economics and Finance, 14(1), 25-48. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb028698

Andrew Jackson :: Biography Biographies

Andrew Jackson There have been many arguments made about President Andrew Jackson. A war hero, standing tall and strong, he tried to represented the idea of reform in government and in the American ways. Jackson is often credited to be one of the United States’ greatest presidents, but there are many powerful reasons for doubting that claim. From the beginning, in 1824, Jackson has tried to do what is best for our nation, but evidence like the spoils system, Trail of Tears, and the Bank veto, has shown that in fact most of what he accomplished is now looked on as only causing problems for the Untied States as a whole. With the presidency of Jackson came the spoils system, which in theory is rewarding political supporters with public office. While this basic idea is â€Å" as old as politics,† (The American Pageant p.271) it is Jackson that extended the system to involve more of the common person. In theory, this would re-enforce loyalties as well as making it possible for politics to become a full-time career. Instead it made government positions more about the spoils than the responsibilities. The seventh president created the idea of â€Å"rotation in office.† Jackson was trying to make â€Å"clean sweeps† in the government, cleaning out the ex-president Adams and his â€Å"dishonest† supporters like Clay. In the end, he only dismissed one-fifth of the old corrupt government leaving nine thousand out of the original eleven thousand in office. His system not only didn’t succeed in cleaning the government but it was a demoralizing practice that reached a national scale. Citizens were discouraged from entering public service because of the insecurity now found in holding such positions. Jackson made the holding official positions in government a matter of what could this person do for Jackson’s presidency and not the question of what he could do for their country. Jackson’s system was inevitably accompanied by scandal. Men openly began to buy their government positions. â€Å"Illiterates, incompetents, and plain crooks were given positions of public trust,† (p.272) and officials were more interested in the spoils of the office rather than the duties. A perfect example of the corruption that Jackson brought to the government is Samuel Swartwout. He was awarded the high salaried post of collector of customs in New York. Nine years later he left the United States with more than a million dollars.

Market Growth of Imported Wine in China

Market Growth of Imported Wine in China By Yuki Mabuchi Brief Introduction With rapid growth of Chinese GDP over the past few years, China is now the world's fastest growing wine consumption market and yet still has huge potential as a market growth. Since Wine drinking is considered a healthier alternative to spirits and somewhat trendy, red wine is particularly popular in China. However, 90% of the wine consumed in China is still produced locally, and it is marketed as low price wines.Therefore, it is impossible for imported wines to compete with Chinese wines on the price. Each imported wine company are challenged to find their differentiation and own marketing tools. Even though market percentage for imported wines is 10%, the prospects for continued growth are huge because of the rapid increase in wealth and increasing urbanization of the population. The main topic for my research is to analyze market growth of imported wines in China followed by Chinese WTO regulations.The rese arch estimates the impact of market growth according to import tariff rate which declined to 14% since China joined WTO. In addition, all imported wines are subject to a range of additional taxes, duties or fees, such as liquor tax, education tax, value-added taxes and consumption taxes. These taxes, duties and fees are taken into account in the analysis which estimates the impact of a tariff reduction on the retail price of imported wines in China.The research will show statistic analysis of imported wine market from different countries different point of view. Furthermore, the research will concentrate to a specific country such as Australia and New Zealand. In the past five years, Australia has been gradually gaining market share of bottled wines from traditional market leaders including France, Italy and Spain. However, since a zero tariff has been applied to Australia’s neighbor country New Zealand, going forward with Australian wine industry will face challenges.The cas e study will demonstrate the challenges posed by import tariffs on the Australian wines sector by comparing New Zealand wine market in China. Outline Arrangement of every section; I. Introduction * Explain why this topic is interesting which is to study market structure of imported wines from different countries and their competition and challenges for having tariffs and taxes in China. * Explain how I will distribute this research which will include statistics of imported wine products or company in China and graph of market growth.II. Literature review * Development of imported wine market since China joined WT? ?. WTO Regulatory Overview 1. Import Tariff on wine 2. Import duty and taxes 3. Labeling Regulations 4. Intellectual Property IV. Market Overview 1. China wine market size 2. Consumer profiles 3. Distribution Channels * Economic analysis of how import duties affect price on the imported wine. * Statistic analysis by different country’s wine distribution V. Australia n wine VS New Zealand wine * Introduction of Australian and New Zealand wine Statistic analysis on both market in China * The impact of trade size after zero tariff on New Zealand * Challenge of Australian wine VI. Conclusion * Prediction of market growth for imported wine in the future. * Challenge of future achievement and fight between local produced Schedule of my thesis Plan to finish in 4 months period * December/January – Find as many materials as possible and group all the materials by section and take memos * January / February – Write thesis * March / April – Finalize thesis w = 1 * ROMAN Iith supervisor

Colossus at Rhodes essays

Colossus at Rhodes essays Ancient Greece, a land of great history, was home to one of the seven ancient wonders, the Colossus of Rhodes. In 408 BC, three city-states in Greece, (which are states consisting of sovereign cities), Ialysos, Kamiros, and Lindos, united and formed one area. This was to become Rhodes, the capital of the three city-states. Rhodes then established itself as a powerful city, becoming economically and commercially powerful while allying with Ptolemy I Soter of Egypt. However, in 305 BC, the Antigonids, who were powerful political leaders in Macedonia, rivaled with the Ptolemies and attempted to take over Rhodes in order to disconnect the alliance between the Egyptian and Rhode peoples. The Antigonids leader was Antigous, who sent his son, Demitrius, along with 40,000 men and Aegean pirates, to conquer Rhodes (Unmuseum). The Antigonids attempts were futile; they could not break through into the city. A strong, tall tower protected the city, which was wooden and armed with catapults that could be moved on the wall. Fortunately for Rhodes, the Antigonids left behind their weaponry and embraced a peace agreement. In celebration of their victory, the Rhodians sold the weapons and erected the Colossus, a massive statue, which they dedicated to the sun God, Helios (The Seven Wonders). To build the statue, they melted down bronze from the war machines. It was made from the bronze plates and it stood over an iron framework. According to the book of Pilon of Byzantium, 15 tons of bronze and 9 tons of iron were used to build the Colossus. The statue had several stone columns within it and iron beams were driven into the stone and connected with the bronze outer skin (Unmuseum). The Colossus stood one hundred and ten feet high upon a fifty-foot pedestal. According to Pliny the Elder, a Historian, the statue was a product of twelve years of hard work. The Colossus is located off the Southwestern tip of A ...

War And Peace Essays - French Invasion Of Russia, War And Peace

War And Peace Essays - French Invasion Of Russia, War And Peace War And Peace War and Peace The famous Russian author Leo Tolstoy wrote War and Peace in 1865. It is a story about the lives of the Russian royal family from 1805 to 1815. This book depicts things and events that happened during the war. The novel describes the war with Napoleon in which many countries were involved such as Russia, Austrian, Prussia, Spain, Sweden, and Britain. However, the novel mainly focuses on Russia. It reflects the different views and participation in the war of Russian aristocracy. Showing the war, Tolstoy describes Napoleon's attack on Russia, the battle of Borodino, the slow retrieval of the Russian army, the conquest of Moscow by Napoleon, the fire in Moscow, and the retrieval of Napoleon's army during a deadly winter. Napoleon had to retreat from Russia under attacks by Russian peasants and horsemen on those who fell behind. His army also suffers from cold and hunger, since the Russians destroyed all food supplies. The takeover of Moscow by Napoleon proved to be useless, and in the long run, destroyed a large part of his army. Alongside with these historical events, Tolstoy describes the different classes of Russian society in the terms of their participation in the war and what kind of an impact war had on their lives. In the beginning of the novel, the Russian aristocratic class, which was in the czar's circle, wanted Russia to participate in the war. They wanted a quick victory and pride for the Russian nobility. They did not anticipate that the war would destroy homes, agriculture, and take many Russian lives. There are the good people, and of course, the bad. The good people being Natasha Rostov, a teenage girl who grows and matures throughout the book and Pierre Bezuhov, the son of Kirill Vladmirovitch Bezuhov, who speaks much of the novel expressing his purpose on earth. Prince Andrei Bolkonsky, the leader of the Bolkonsky family and a great war hero. The bad people are the protagonists themselves, as they torment themselves and Napoleon Bonaparte, (who, by some, is believed to be an impostor) the emperor and military leader of France, whom is bent on world domination. The Secondary characters are the families of Bolkonsky and Kuragin, Anna Pavolvna, a famous St. Petersburg socialite and Kutuzof, the military leader of the Russian forces. This class is shown in Anna Pavlova Sharer's salon, with its upper class aristocracy, who talk only in French, viewing the Russian language as uncivilized and useful only for peasants. They adopted French culture and wear French style clothing, and at the same time they want to fight Napoleon. However, the majority of this class doesn't want to participate themselves in the war, but want to win the war with the hands of the peasants. These aristocrats, despite their high education and power, will do nothing to help win the war. They live like parasites on the body of Russia's society. This is how Tolstoy describes this class in general, but he also depicts two representatives of this upper class, Andrew Bolkonsky and Pierre Bisuhov, who were the more intellectual ones, and whose lives and views of war and life changed as the result of the war. Depicting the Rostov family, who were also wealthy nobles, but were not in the czar's circle and lived in rural parts of Russia, Tolstoy showed a typical Russian family who were devoted to their country and Russian traditions. All of Tolstoy's sympathy is on their side and he presents them in a positive way. They sing Russian folklore, which the higher aristocrats would not dream of doing. Depicting this class, Tolstoy describes simple and eternal problems such as birth, love, forgiveness, and death. The main national characteristics are in the Russian peasants. Through these people, who hate war, we are shown that they are forced to participate in the war because the have no other choice. They show real heroism during war. Captain Tushin and a soldier, Timohin, give their lives to save their army. Historical figures such as Napoleon and Kutuzov oppose the views of the aristocratic class in the czar's circle. This class of people didn't like Kutuzov, who became the general of the Russian army. They thought he was too

A Letter to my High School Counselor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Letter to my High School Counselor - Essay Example As an initial matter, I realize that many people go to college in order to secure a high paying job. My family has reminded me, for instance, that college is expensive and a huge investment in my future. There is no question that I will be forced to find a job in order to pay back my student loans. In addition, I further recognize that employers value students with particular types of degrees and who graduate from highly-ranked universities. Had I chosen to pursue my engineering studies at Berkeley, there is no doubt that I would have been granted access to elite employers from around the world. Finally, I recognize that many colleges today are rethinking their programs and their curriculums. There is a growing amount of pressure for colleges to prepare students for employment; more particularly, prospective students are very interested in knowing the average employment rates and the average salaries of each college's graduates. This, in turn, has led to an emphasis on programs which cater to engineering, science, and business. In the final analysis, both students and colleges seem to be more interested in seeing colleges prepare students for high-paying jobs. These imperatives are both economic and practical given the increasing costs of education and the value which employers and society place on particular types of education and skills. Despite these arguments, many of which are valid, I am not persuaded that short-term employment prospects are strong enough to change my mind. I may be a traditionalist, but I have always envisioned education as something much broader and much more significant than a sort of quasi-vocational training. I have chosen to major in English literature because I believe that college is more about training the mind in a more interdisciplinary manner.

Mental Health and Mental Disorders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mental Health and Mental Disorders - Essay Example He worked out Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. This author stated that emotions derive from "an interaction between events in the environment and beliefs and expectations which we have". (qtd in Clark, p. 130) Sometimes these beliefs are so powerful that they affect person's emotional conditional. The purpose of emotive behaviour therapy is to make these emotions less powerful and not badly influence person's emotional condition. (Clark). According to the concepts of cognitive theory, specialists counseling in mental disorders, should focus on mental condition of the client and investigate his identity, rather than treat his physical body with the help of medicines that may have side effects. Another famous author who worked in the field of cognitive therapy was Aaron Beck. He worked out a special methodology and strategies to treat depression and anxiety that were based upon the conceptions of cognitive theory. Clients are to perform a dialogue within his inner world to define the patterns that are to be changed to improve client's condition. Treatment strategies worked by Beck help a client to find out depressive beliefs and change his way of thinking. The commentators describe the essence of Beck's approach as following: "According to Beck and Emery, the way we process information is governed by structures called schemata. These schemata are made up of rules for explaining incoming information, and for retrieving what we have already learned. They are capable of exerting powerful effects on how we experience and relate to the world. For example, the schemata of a person with a social phobia cause them to become anxious and avoidant by explaining incoming information a nd memories in terms of social threat. Treatment consists of correcting faulty or illogical thinking by repeatedly confronting cognitive schemata with discrepant information from role-playing and homework assignments." (Abela, p.117) Modern medicine includes treating depression and anxiety with psychotherapy or medications, or combining both these treatments. The experiments and researches show that a combination of these two methods is mostly effective, especially because antidepressants rarely result in dependence. Companies that produce medicine encourage doctors to prefer medical treatment to psychotherapy, but there are cases in which referring to a specialist in psychotherapy is necessary. In case the person takes antidepressants and this brings no results, a visit to professional in mental health may be more effective. (Clark) Cognitive theory and therapy based upon it provide for a theoretical basis allowing specialists better understand the reasons for anxiety and depression to appear, to treat them effectively. This theory is regarded as effective even in comparison with other popular theories. To better understand the impact of cognitive theory into modern psychotherapy it is necessary to observe its perspective on mental illnesses and anxiety in particular. According to the cognitive theory, the reasons for depression, anxiety and worries appear due to several reasons: Sometimes it is enough just to see a model of behavior to take it over, when a person expresses intense fears or nervous condition. Sensitive people often answer such behaviour the same way. Sometimes a person inadequately estimates the situation and interactions with people

Response Paper on August Wilson's Gem of the Ocean Essay

Response Paper on August Wilson's Gem of the Ocean - Essay Example ‘Gem of the ocean’ is a play written by eminent American playwright August Wilson. The plot of the play is set in the year 1904 and the main characters are Aunt Tyler, Citizen Barlow, Solly two kings, Black Mary, Caesar Eli and Selig. Aunt Tyler is the central character of the play and is a former slave who is now a soul cleanser. Prompt I: African American History & Gem of the Ocean: The end of the nineteenth century saw a radical transformation and the blacks got more rights as compared to the previous decades. African Americans experienced huge mental trauma especially during post slavery era and the US laws were less significant in reducing the effect on the African Americans. Even though there had been a number of US legislations, yet Slavery seemed to be an inborn part of the African American. There were no more options available to an African American other than being either forced into Slavery or becoming the servant of whites. The blacks completely resisted Slav ery and treated it to be the most dreadful act that a person could face in his life. Evidence Supporting Point: Citizen Barlow’s dialogue in the book in page number 59 which states that â€Å"making the people owe is worse than slavery and Solly’s dialogues of Ain’t †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.ground† Citizen Barlow states that slavery is better than making the people owe to you but Solly emphasizes that Slavery is the most dreadful crime committed on a human. Evidence Supporting Point: The blacks had separate sleeping places and could not become an eminent part in the society and were treated differently. Black Mary’s dialogue: â€Å"He probably goes down under the Brady Street Bridge to sleep. They got a whole bunch of people sleeping down there.† In page 10 in the book, there is a clear indication of how badly the Africans were treated. Black Mary refers to the African Americans, who are usually assigned separate sleeping p laces and in this play they usually sleep under the Brady Street Bridge. Prompt II: Aunt Ester: One of the most interesting things about the play is the characters. When I read it, the first thing that strikes me is the age of the main character Aunt Ester, who holds 285 years of experience with her. I think that the author did this to talk effectively about the background of the African American when they were slaves of the white people. Aunt Esther used to be a troubled soul but her years of experiences turned her into a wise person. She holds on to the memories of the entire history of the Africans in America, â€Å"People say you crazy to remember. But I ain’t afraid to remember. I try to remember out loud. I keep my memories alive. I feed them. I got to feed them otherwise they’d eat me up. I got memories go way back. I’m carrying them for a lot of folk† (Walseth par. 1). The age of Aunt Esther may be unreal for many readers but I feel that it is ver y effective to make others remember about the slavery days and how the Africans were treated in those days. It also illustrates the fact that they have come from a long line of abuse and hardships which continues till the 1904’s. Aunt Esther represents the old traditions while Black Mary, her successor represents the forward thinking African American. She likes to do things her own way, â€Å"It’s been three years now.   I can’t do nothing to satisfy you.   I may as well lay down somewhere and forget about it†¦

Intentional Torts, Negligence, Nuisance Essay Example for Free

Intentional Torts, Negligence, Nuisance Essay A tort is a legal injury resulting from a violation of a legal right which arises independent of contract and for which restitution may be had in a civil action for damages.   Generally, there are three kinds of torts.   They are:   first, those which are based on fault or negligence; second, intentional torts; and third, those where the element of negligence or intent does not enter as an essential element.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first kind refers to the fault or negligence of a person who, by his act or omission, causes damage to another, to whom he is not bound by any contractual relation. In some civil law jurisdictions, this tort is popularly known as quasi-delict which is of French origin comprehending a common law concept of negligence. In actions based on quasi-delicts, to recover damages, an injured party must prove the fault or negligence of the defendant, the damage suffered and the relation of cause and effect between the defendant’s negligence and the damage or injury he has suffered. The immediate cause which produces the injury must not be intermitted by any intervening cause.   In cases where both parties are negligent and proximate cause cannot be directly attributed to either party, the humanitarian doctrine provides that the party who had the last chance to avoid the accident but did not do so, shall be held accountable for the consequences of the act. Intentional torts are acts causing injury to persons or property committed with intent to cause damage to another.   This is covered under provisions on human relations.   An example of this type is trespass to land, whether such violation of property right causes improvement or damage to the land.   This is an actual invasion to other person’s possession without consent. A good example of the third kind is nuisance.   This is sometimes classified as intentional tort.   Nuisance is any act, omission, establishment, business, condition of property or anything else which injures or endangers the health or safety of others or annoys or offends the senses or shocks, defies or disregards decency or morality or obstructs or interferes with the free passage of any public highway or street, or any body of water or hinders or impairs the use of property. As to injurious effects, nuisance may be classified as public nuisance or private nuisance. A public nuisance affects a community or neighborhood or any considerable number of persons, while a private nuisance affects only a person or small number of persons.   The remedies against nuisance are abatement brought by an agency of the government and damage suit or relief by injunction by private individuals whose enjoyment of a right has been impaired. In tort cases, the doctrine of res ipsa loquitor is applied.   The doctrine requires that the accident must be of a kind that does not ordinarily happen without defendant’s negligence.   It affords reasonable evidence, in the absence of explanation by the defendant that the accident arose from want of care.   The accident must have been caused by an agency or instrumentality within the exclusive control of the defendant and not due to any voluntary action or contribution on the part of the plaintiff. Strict Liability and Product Liability   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Strict liability in tort is a concept where the plaintiff need not prove the negligence of the defendant in order to recover damages caused by defective products. . Consensual contract is not necessary to prove liability of the defendant.   Strict liability is enforced against the manufacturers who are responsible for committing the products in the market.   Liability rests on the protection of the consumers with the aim of securing that the costs of harms brought about by defective products are donned by the manufacturers. In product liability case, the burden of proof is shifted from the plaintiff to the defendant.  Ã‚   The plaintiff must only prove that he suffered injuries by the defective product and that said defect already exists at the time the goods departed from the manufacturer or retailer as distinguished from recovery due to negligence, where the plaintiff has yet to prove that the defect was caused by defendant’s failure to act with prudence. Strict liability applies only where there is physical harm or damage to other property.   Economic loss such as consequential loss of income or cost of repair/replacement brought by defective product is recoverable under the Uniform Commercial Code.   If a product exists different from what is intended by the manufacturer or differs from the same manufacturer’s product, it is said to be defective.   However, the manufacturer is not liable if the injury is caused by unanticipated use or misuse of the product. Wrongful Death and Survival Tort Action   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When through negligence a person is   killed, wrongful death happens.   Damages may be recovered by the decedent’s survivors or beneficiaries.   Survivors need not prove the exact amount of damages which fall under two classes: economic damages and noneconomic damages. Economic damages include funeral and burial expenses.   If the survivors are receiving financial support, it has to be included, computed based on the life expectancy of the decedent. The value of household services that could have been provided by the decedent to his beneficiaries had he survived shall also form part of the economic damages.   In addition, gifts and other benefits the decedent could have contributed to the survivors shall also be included. Economic benefits shall be reduced to current value.   In deciding for the noneconomic benefits which includes loss and sufferings, no fixed standard exists.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In survival action for tort, it is the estate of the decedent that can claim for lost earnings, punitive damages and medical expenses incurred by the deceased before to his death.   It means that, it is the successor-in-interest that has the right to file such claim, subject to testate or intestate proceedings under a probate court. Both wrongful death and survival tort action are subject to prescriptive periods under the Statute of Limitations.   Wrongful death has to be claimed within two years from the death of the decedent.  Ã‚   In survival action, the time limit for the action commences from the date the claim actually passed to the deceased.   In deciding these cases, the scale of justice is slightly tilted in favor of the plaintiff where only clear and convincing evidence is required. Immunity, Release and Contribution, Indemnity   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   State political subdivisions such as hospitals enjoy immunity from suits for negligence or intentional torts under state law.   However, under federal preemption law, they may be sued under the EMTALA or Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act.   Regarding state immunity statute, where a conflict arises between state law and federal law, state law must yield under the supremacy clause of the U.S. Constitution. Under the Communications Decency Act of l996, providers or users of interactive computer service are entitled to immunity.   Legislators also enjoy immunity from suit while in Congress in the exercise of their legislative functions. In personal injury suits, there are cases where there are two or more tort-feasors who are jointly and severally liable for the injury caused to the plaintiff.   Joint tort-feasors are entitled to right of contribution and pro-rata share of the money judgment provided the common liability for damages has been satisfied in full.   The right to contribution is granted only to a tort-feasor who has not willfully caused the injury. Payment by one of the whole liability extinguishes the others and entitles one to recover contributions from the other tort-feasors.   However release of one by the injured party does not necessarily release the other tort-feasors unless provided for in the release, but the claim shall be reduced proportionate to the amount in the release. The party to whom release is granted is exculpated from all liability for contribution to the other co defendants. The proportional degree of fault or negligence of the tort-feasors shall determine their pro-rata share in the liability. However, this issue of proportionate fault should have been litigated and decided in the same action for damages by way of cross-complaint.   In case a defendant has paid the whole obligation or more than his share in the claim; he is entitled to indemnity by filing a cross-claim against a co party.   Where a tort-feasor is entitled to indemnity, the right is for indemnity and not for contribution. Workers’ Compensation, No-Fault Auto Insurance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Workers’ compensation is an option to the tort system.   Firms self-insure or purchase workers’ compensation insurance as mandated by the state law for the benefit of the workers who sometimes are injured in the performance of their duties.   The insurer pays the worker medical expenses and average wage while under recovery.   The only requirement to avail of this benefit is that the injury must be work-related.   It does not matter whether there is negligence on the part of the employee or employer.   Under this alternative, there is guaranteed income, and because of this, the employee waives his right to sue his employer for work-related injuries sustained.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The problems of long and costly court cases to determine who is at fault led to the enactment of the no-fault auto insurance laws that provide for the payment of policy holders irrespective of fault and also limits the right to sue. This is known as personal injury protection or PIP first party coverage. This is also an alternative to the tort system.   Motorists are allowed to sue only under certain thresholds involving grimness of injury.   The law intends to reduce vehicular accidents cases clogging the courts, limiting payment for losses and restricting recovery for non-economic damages thus, reducing premiums on auto insurance. Defamation, Injurious Falsehood, Invasion of Privacy Defamation is one of the dignitary torts which refers to the issuing or publishing of a false statement to a third party about another person, resulting to another person’s injured reputation which entitles him to damages. Defamation in print is called libel.   Oral or spoken defamation is slander. To have one’s reputation remain untarnished is one of the rights of a person under the civil law system. The burden of proof lies with the defendant to prove his innocence.   The plaintiff does not need to prove intent to besmirch his reputation and the actual damage suffered. However, the requirement to prove damage is not totally abstracted in all slander cases.   The Ontario Libel and Slander Act of Canada still requires proof of damage in cases where the damaged reputation of the plaintiff resulted to loss of business contract.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The tort of injurious falsehood or slander of goods applies where a person’s goods are discredited resulting to economic loss, usually made by dissatisfied customers or dismissed employees.   Monetary loss must to be proved to obtain recovery for damages.   The elements for this tort are: a statement about the goods; that there is falsity in the statement which was published maliciously and that the plaintiff suffered damages. To establish slander of goods, the statement must cause a reasonable person to believe that the statement is true.   The defendant need not mention the product or name of the plaintiff to be liable.   It is enough that an implication be drawn by the public that the defendant’s derogatory statement refers to the goods in issue where for example there is only but two products of same sort in the industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Invasion of privacy is another form of dignitary tort.   This is a right also protected by the Constitution under the Fourth Amendment, for a person to be left alone by himself free from interference or abuses of the government.   This includes the right to property against unreasonable search and seizure.   Invasion of property by private individuals is dealt with under private tort law. Four categories are set forth under this tort.   One is intrusion of solitude which arises when a person presents or displays another to unjustifiable promotional material or publicity. Another category is public disclosure which is revealing of private information though conforming to truth is appalling to a sensible person.   The third category is false light which places another person before the public in a false light through misrepresentation of a person’s character, beliefs and activities and the last of the categories is appropriation which involves using the person’s identity or visual representation without his consent for the benefit of another person.   Invasion of privacy entitles an injured person to compensatory damages and punitive justice. Misrepresentation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Any averment or expression conducted in any manner that is not in accord with facts is misrepresentation.   It is a civil wrong and creates civil liability if monetary loss ensues.   A person making misrepresentation to be held liable, the misrepresentation must be relied upon by the recipient or taker of the falsified statement and the maker knew of such fact. Misrepresentation creates liability whether committed intentionally or unintentionally. In a contract, misrepresentation bestows a person a valid ground for the rescission of contract.   An insurance policy contract may be cancelled due to material misrepresentation made by the insured or the insurer may refuse a claim.   An opinion that is not a true statement is not a misrepresentation of fact.   However a promise which the maker has no intention of carrying out that induces another person to enter into an agreement is an actionable tort. Interference with Economic Relations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Interference with economic relations is an economic tort the purpose of which is to protect people from intervention with their commercial or business relations thus maintaining contractual stability.   It has been held in a number of cases that an accomplice or accessory to breach an existing contract is liable for economic loss sustained by a party to the contract. In an action for interference with economic relations, it is necessary that the plaintiff must prove the existence of a contractual relation between him and a third party; that the defendant has knowledge of such contractual relation; and that defendant intentionally, with malice did disturbed said contractual relation. Damage must be proved, but it is presumed when it is a direct consequence of the disturbance and ultimately the breach of contract. Interference may include also inducement or persuasion to a person not to continue with a prospective business relation or preventing a party not to enter such a relation.   Interference with a pre-contractual business relation is however considered lawful unless wrongful means are employed.   Several factors have to be looked into in deciding impropriety of the means used to interfere. One of these is the motive of the party interfering.   Another consideration is the interest of the parties involved in the unlawful interference. To determine whether interference is proper, industrial ethics and practices are substantively necessary. The interference or economic tort does not only protect contractual interest but also ethical and legal interest thus upholding contract as a legal instrument in promoting trade and competition. Unjustifiable Litigation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unjustifiable Litigation also commonly known as malicious prosecution, an intentional tort has been securely instituted in law. An action for malicious prosecution is a remedy for recovery used by victims injured by unwarranted judicial proceedings.   The underlying principle of this tort is an effort to equalize conflicting interests.   Plaintiffs have the right to access to courts without concern of inculpation. Public policy requires that defendant’s interest be also protected against unmeritorious litigations through this remediation. Sometimes people, prompted with malice come to court even without probable cause only to harass other people.   In a cause of action for malicious prosecution, the plaintiff must establish that the prior action was filed at the behest of the defendant and that it was terminated in his (plaintiff) favor; that it was initiated without probable cause and was brought with malice. However, malicious prosecution cases filed on the basis of absence of probable cause usually do not lie or prosper because it is for the court to determine the existence of probable cause as it is a legal question.   Legal authorities said that malicious prosecution deters claimants to institute criminal proceedings for fear of facing excessive litigation after the initial action has been decided not in their favor. In a case, the Supreme Court settled that it is not sensible to desert or loosen the restrictions on malicious prosecution (Sheldon v. AO). Reference Supreme Court of California (l989, January 12). Sheldon Appel Co. v. Albert Oliker, Cite as: 47 Cal.3d 863, 765 P.2d 498, 254 Cal.Rptr. 336.   Retrieved on September 16, 2007 from http://www.casp.net/oliker-1.html

Stricter Rules for Hockey Parents :: essays research papers

Stricter Rules for Hockey Parents   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The sport of hockey has a long proud history of being one of the best sports in the world. Great excitement for the fans and great fun for the players, but lately there has been too much emphasis on winning in the lower levels. It is very hard for children now days to play hockey for the fun of the game.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is not the children themselves, or even the coaches that put this pressure to win on them. It is the parents of the children who create this pressure. Hockey parents have made winning so important that they sometimes lose sight of the reason that they are there in the first place. Hockey may be a fast paced, high adrenaline sport (you see more fights in hockey than any other team sport), but parents should leave the body contact to the players. Fortunately, physical abuse is still not very common in arenas but every year there are more reports of enraged parents assaulting referees or other players due to mishaps that took place during the game. Winning is not the only reason that some parents become upset. There has also been a growing dilemma with parents becoming outraged with coaches for factors as small as the amount of ice time their child receives during a game. There is a growing ambition among parents for their child to succeed in hockey and become a professional even before the child reaches adolescence. Although very serious, physical abuse is still not a common sight in arenas, but it is a serious problem which needs to be corrected. Verbal abuse however, is very common in arenas all over Ontario. Names and threats can be heard coming from the stands at any caliber of hockey at any age. This is also a significant problem which needs to be stopped.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The best defense against this kind of behaviour would be to create stricter penalties for anyone parents who get out of control. Anyone who is verbally abusive to officials or coaches should be given fines which increase for each infraction. If the abuse continues after three fines then the person should be banned from arenas for a specified amount of time depending on the severity and the frequency of the instances. If not abuse persists even after the ban the parent should be banned from all minor hockey games for life.

Counselor Confidentiality and Disclosure

The counseling process consists primarily of self-disclosure and self-confrontation on the part of the client, facilitated by interaction with the counselor. In order for counseling to take place, the client must disclose personal material to the counselor, who in turn tries to understand the client’s world in a context of what he or she knows about how people respond to life situations. Counselors are aware of their influential positions with respect to clients, and they avoid exploiting the trust and dependency of clients.Everyone has a primary obligation to maintain the privacy of both current and former clients, whether living or deceased, and to maintain the confidentiality of material that has been transmitted to them in any of their professional roles. Reasonable differences of opinion can and do exist among counselors with respect to the ways in which values, ethical principles, and ethical standards should be rank ordered when they conflict.Ethical decision making in a given situation must apply the informed judgment of the individual counselor and should also consider how the issues would be judged in a peer review process where the ethical standards of the profession would be applied. This paper adopts the main thesis that the clients’ confidentiality ranks number one in this ethical issue. By developing an oath of confidentiality, ethical considerations are not relegated to a secondary status, after business matters nor are they noted as afterthoughts.Without a clear directive, ethical oversight of the actions chosen through the strategic planning process lack this input. Counseling Values Values are enduring. They motivate behavior. Judgments about right and wrong or good and bad are moral judgments based on values. In the course of human interactions, there are many situations in which it is difficult to make a decision because values come into conflict. Values must be clarified if moral decisions are to be reached.These values are e asily seen during the counseling activity. While clients may reveal significant personal materials in their non-verbal behavior, the primary medium for counseling communication is verbal. Clients reveal their thoughts and feelings to a perceptive counselor by what they say, the affect with which they say it and by what they choose to obscure in their verbal material. The more fully self-disclosure takes place, the more fully the counselor can serve to help the client discover new ways of coping.Ethical practice may be defined as providing a helping service, for which one has been appropriately trained, with care and conscientious effort, Unethical practice occurs under three conditions: when the professional helper becomes involved with clients whose problems are beyond the scope of his or training; when the helper exploits his or her position to collect fees or salary for incompetent service; and when the helper fails to understand his or her obligation to respect a client’s rights to privacy and to free choice. It is fundamental for counselors to provide competent counseling service to clients.It is this trust that allows the client to share his or her personal concerns in a way that goes beyond casual conversation and which makes effective helping possible. As with all professions, it is a violation of trust to offer a service wherein one is incompetent to deliver or to exploit the public by offering less than the service one knows the children need. Some of the more practical solutions in maintaining confidentiality of the client’s background by the counselor are the following: I. ) Limiting Personal Information from Client’s FilesRespecting a client’s rights to privacy includes the maintenance of a confidential relationship within which the client is free to reveal important personal information as he or she is ready to do so. The client who hears his or her private thoughts revealed to another by his or her counselor has been betrayed, unless the nature of the words suggests a credible threat to life or limb. A child or the parents who is manipulated by a counselor to reveal information he or she is not yet ready to reveal has also been the victim of an invasion of privacy.The line between facilitative leading by the counselor and prying into personal matters can be a fine one, and the distinction is often in terms of timelines and context. Respecting a client’s right to choose freely is also troublesome to some counselors. If one begins with the assumption that rational persons will ultimately arrive at the same set of conclusions about a given problem or circumstance, it is easy to conclude that the client who does not arrive at an answer that the counselor values is thinking irrationally.At times that may be true, and the disagreement serves as evidence that help has not yet been carried to an appropriate termination. In other instances, the disagreement may signify that the client has values t hat differ from the counselor’s own set of values, and perhaps from those of the society at large. In such instances, the counselor can help the client to understand the logical consequences of the view he holds to be certain. In the case of information that is readily available, there must also be a limit to the information about the client that would be made available to counselors.There is a need to enforce an oath of confidentiality. At the Children’s Aid Society in Canada, there is not always a committee to decide on matters regarding ethics. Therefore, the middle ground approach must be taken. This involves the requirement that a counselor signs an oath of confidentiality. The organization’s philosophy statement may not be specific enough to guide the day-to-day making processes. The use of a combined mission-philosophy statement can lead to this problem. Alternatively, a written oath of confidentiality could be very specific but cover a limited scope of p otential circumstances.Indeed, every profession consists of human beings or individuals with objectives or goals for the attainment of specific purposes. These purposes may either be personal, profit oriented, or imbued with some public interest. In the attainment of every profession’s objectives, certain standards are observed, to ensure that the individuals play fairly and act with honest and sound independent judgment. Standards are also observed to make sure that the people within a profession observe proper ethics in terms of behavior, both in doing their work and in dealing with other people, in the course of the performance of their job.However, despite the rigid standards, set by law or regulations of the organizations where these professions are practiced, certain unethical behaviors are shown by various counselors. In an article entitled Clergy’s Image Recovering since Scandals, published last December 4, 2003, a survey reveals that in 23 different profession s, the nurses were ranked high or very high as to honesty and ethical standards. Doctors, veterinarians and pharmacists were next to the nurses, in said order, as the professionals who exemplified ethical behavior in the practice of profession.Those who were ranked lowest were the car salesmen, HMO managers insurance salesmen and advertising practitioners. The members of the clergy ranked higher than the previous years, but still behind policemen and engineers, though ahead of psychiatrists and bankers. What could be the reason behind the results of the surveys? It is the type of ethical or unethical behavior, which the professionals exemplify in their practice that leads to the results of the surveys (Denenberg, T. et al. ). Problem-solving processAs the conditions for therapy are established, a cooperative problem-solving process is conducted which results in more self-enhancing attitudes and behavior patterns and the development of the basic social competencies needed to build an d maintain cooperative relationships (Johnson and Matross, 1977). Objectivity refers to one’s ability to assess a situation based on its own merit and not based on personal biases or other influences external to the situation. Thinking and acting objectively pose challenges because preconceived notions influence a person’s judgment.In addition, humans are more emotional than they are rational in acting upon any given situation. All the more, a balanced outlook of confidentiality needs to be done by the counselor. What is confidentiality? Confidentiality involves the protection of sensitive information given by one person to another. It is based upon mutual trust between the giver and receiver of information. Protecting information about a person is important because its disclosure can make that person vulnerable.Because of this sensitive responsibility on the part of counselors, they must make sure that sensitive data is not recklessly divulge unless the patient allows the disclosure or if there is a need that this data be revealed for the benefit of the client (Code of Ethics). Accountability means being answerable to consequences of one’s action or inaction. This is not limited to big responsibilities but a daily occurrence that happens in day-to-day situations whenever one is given duties to perform. Counselors must take this view as they undertake counseling sessions, whether menial or complicated.These tasks are important components of a larger process. Counselors must take ownership of what they do and do not pass on to others this relevant but confidential information (Code of Ethics). Empowerment in counseling situations Empowerment, as a counseling concept, is considered an important tool to make an individual or group adapt to social change. It involves the principles of interaction with people and their right to self-determination. Empowerment requires that helper identify an individual’s strengths, share power and contro l with him, and motivate him to learn and to participate in a group.Both the counselor and the client must work together by allowing each other to contribute to the counseling process. Empowerment means acknowledging an individual’s capacity to face his problems and to make decisions on his own. The counselor’s role is to help an individual identify his strengths that he can use to help himself and make him feel that he is in control. Counselors also need to be of their clients (Empowerment). Empowered individuals can stand and decide on their own even after the supervision of the counselor is done.Empowerment is real because an individual draws his strength from within him, his uniqueness, his personal experiences, his values and beliefs. Counseling is not comparable to charity because of the concept of empowerment. Counseling does not only feed an individual but empowers him so that he may be able to feed himself. Purposes of Helping Most adult clients are self-refer red, that is, they arrive at the helper’s office with the hope that they may somehow improve their lives through involving themselves in counseling.More often than not, they have tried to sort out why they do not feel satisfied with their lives, but they have found themselves unable to control those things that create distress for them. Schlossberg (1976) stated succinctly that the purpose of counseling with adults is to return to them the locus of control over their own lives. It is true, of course, that many clients arrive at the counselor’s office convinced that their lives will be improved only if significant others or specific sets of circumstances are changed.It is important to remember that it is the client himself or herself who must change if counseling is to succeed. External circumstances may indeed be difficult, but if they are to change, it is most often the client who is in the best position to engender those changes. The adult who does not like his or he r job can decide how to improve it or how to seek a different job. The adult who is burdened with the care of an aging parent can seek help in bearing that burden. An adult who is angry at his or her children can learn to understand this anger and find more productive ways of accomplishing his or her goals with the children.A part of being in control involves not only being able to hold information in confidentiality but also in knowing what one wants and needs and being able to be satisfied with what one can reasonably attain. Being in control is being motivated by what is meaningful, not being driven toward undefined goals. Interactive Process Counseling with any individual will involve an interactive process based on certain fundamental principles of counseling. The content of counseling with adults will differ in certain respects from the content of counseling with children or adolescents.The adult client has more experience and typically is in a life position where there is gre ater pressure to assume responsibility for decisions, actions and interpersonal behavior. He or she would also be more cautious about the information given out for fear of being judged. The interactive process with adults can be based on a genetic model of helping such as that of Egan (1975). His model for counseling includes three stages wherein the client is expected to begin with self-exploration, move to deeper levels of self-understanding, and finally to develop a plan of action.Emphasis in the helping process will be related to the client issues identified and classified in the diagnostic process. A client who is experiencing a concern that is primarily situational will move fairly rapidly through Stages I and Stages II and will devote the majority of counseling time to considering the workability of various alternative ways of coping with the situation. Counseling is usually short term. The client whose coping skills are adequate for normal living may still experience stagnat ion in his or her development.In that instance, counseling will focus very heavily on Stage II, so that reachable new goals may be identified, and Stages I and III serve their usual functions of getting the problem defined and the development of strategies for implementing the new goals. Trust in a counseling environment Trust is not given but earned. In recognition of this, I strive to be worthy of other people’s trust by behaving in a proper manner and exhibiting good conduct at all times. I try to honor my commitments at all times and refrain from making promises that I cannot actually deliver.Trustworthiness is consistent with the principles of social work. One of the core values of social work is integrity. Integrity lies in the ethical and responsible conduct of a social worker in dealing with clients and in representing his organization to society. Counseling is a professional undertaking that requires discipline and a broad understanding of human relations and social dynamics. Counselors must be passionate about helping others. Counselors find strength in the areas of problem solving and human relations. Precepts of the American Counseling Association (ACA)According to the American Counseling Association, counselors need to respect the right of the client to privacy. It is important that they do not indulge in unwarranted disclosures of confidential data. The Section B1 of this right to privacy states that the only exception is when there is danger posed in the life of the client such as information that confirms that a client has a communicable disease and thus, the information needs to be relayed to a third party, who because of his close relationship with the client, may be at risk of getting that disease. (ACA Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice, American Counseling Association).